Gum Disease

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Gum disease is an infection in the tissues that hold your teeth. We all need to pay attention to it as it is associated with social isolation, potentially Alzheimer’s disease and other health impairments. It starts when sticky film, called plaque, builds up along the gumline. Bacteria in plaque irritate the gums. This can cause swelling, bleeding, and bad breath. If it is not treated, the infection can harm the bone that supports your teeth. Teeth can loosen. In serious cases, you may lose them.

Beyond the physical decline is the social decline that comes with having bad breath, loose or missing teeth that make people feel badly about themselves, difficulty eating, a reluctance to smile or participate in family or friend gatherings. It gets worse from there.

Why gum disease is common as we age

Our mouths change over time. Many adults take medicines that cause dry mouth. Saliva helps wash away germs, so less saliva means more risk. Arthritis can make brushing and flossing harder. Old fillings or dentures that do not fit well can trap food. Health conditions, like diabetes and heart disease, can also raise risk.

Early signs to watch for

Look for these warning signs:

• Gums that bleed when you brush or floss
• Gums that are red, puffy, or sore
• Bad breath that does not go away
• A bad taste in the mouth
• Gums pulling back from the teeth, this can make teeth look longer
• Teeth that feel loose or a change in how your teeth fit together

If you notice any of these, do not wait.

When to see a dentist

Make an appointment if:

• Your gums bleed for more than a week
• You have pain or swelling in one area
• You see pus near a tooth or along the gums
• You have a sore that does not heal in two weeks
• Your dentures or partials stop fitting well
• You have diabetes and notice new gum problems
• You have dry mouth from medicines and new cavities or gum changes

Most adults should see a dentist and dental hygienist every six months. If you already have gum disease, your dentist may suggest visits every three to four months.

How to take care of your gums

Daily care makes the biggest difference:

• Brush twice a day for two full minutes. Use a soft brush and gentle circles. Aim the bristles at the gumline.
• Clean between your teeth every day. Floss, interdental brushes, or a water flosser all work. Choose the tool that feels easiest for your hands.
• Use fluoride toothpaste. Ask about an alcohol free mouth rinse if you have dry mouth.
• Keep dentures clean. Brush them daily and soak them overnight as your dentist recommends. Clean your gums and tongue too.
• Sip water often. Sugar free gum or lozenges with xylitol can help if your mouth is dry.
• Limit sugary snacks and drinks. Try to keep sweets with meals, not between them.
• Do not smoke or vape. Tobacco harms blood flow to gums and slows healing.

What treatment looks like

Your dentist may start with a deep cleaning, also called scaling and root planing. This removes hardened plaque, called tartar, from above and below the gumline. You might need local freezing for comfort. In some cases, you may need medicines or a referral to a gum specialist, called a periodontist. Severe disease can require gum surgery to protect the bone and save teeth.

Bottom line

Healthy gums help you eat well, speak clearly, and smile with confidence. Notice small changes early, keep a simple daily routine, and see your dental team on a regular schedule.

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